Amine oxide wood preservatives

ABSTRACT

The present inventors have discovered that amine oxides are highly effective as wood preservatives. The present invention provides a wood preservative composition comprising a biocidally effective amount of one or more amine oxides. Preferably, the wood preservative composition is substantially free of halogenated compounds (such as halides and chlorinated compounds) and quaternary ammonium compounds. The wood preservative composition of the present invention exhibits low toxicity, high stability in water, low corrosivity to metal substrates (such as steel substrates), excellent penetration and uniform distribution into wood, low odor, waterproofing properties, and high leaching resistance. The wood preservative composition may be applied to the surface of a wood substrate or be applied by pressure treating the wood substrate with the wood preservative composition. Other cellulosic and fiber materials, such as cotton, burlap, and like materials, may be preserved with the composition of the present invention. Another embodiment is a method of controlling microorganisms, such as fungal decay organisms (generally known as white rot, brown rot, and soft rot fungi) and sapstain organisms, on and/or in a wood substrate, such as fresh cut lumber, comprising applying a biocidally effective amount of the composition of the present invention to the wood substrate.

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/285,863, filed Apr. 23, 2001, and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/206,751, filed May 24, 2000.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] This invention relates to a wood preservative composition comprising a biocidally effective amount of at least one amine oxide and a method of controlling microorganisms in a wood substrate or other cellulosic or fiber material with the wood preservative composition. This invention also relates to a method of removing algae from a substrate with one or more amine oxides.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Wood is an important building and construction material that is used in a variety of applications, such as housing material, utility poles, and railroad ties. Effective wood preservatives and waterproofing compounds that improve dimensional stability are necessary to maintain the integrity of these structures.

[0004] Quaternary alkyl ammonium compounds (QAC's), such as didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), have been shown to be effective as fungicides. However, QAC's do not readily penetrate and uniformly distribute into wood. Because of the poor penetration and distribution, certain areas of the wood do not receive adequate protection, often resulting in the wood rotting from the inside out. Furthermore, DDAC corrodes steel tanks and other metal components commonly used in wood treatment systems.

[0005] U.S. Pat. No. 4,357,163 discloses a chlorinated phenol wood treating composition containing a chlorophenol, a fatty acid amine oxide, and water. The amine oxide was included to increase penetration of the chelating agents and chlorophenols into the wood and to stabilize the chlorophenol in water.

[0006] U.S. Pat. No. 5,833,741 discloses a waterproofer wood preservative system comprising a waterproofing enhancing amount of waterproofer composition and a biocidally effective amount of a biocide. The waterproofer is an alkyl dimethyl amine oxide, an alkyl acetoacetate, or a waterproofing quaternary ammonium compound. The biocide comprises at least one biocidal quaternary ammonium compound. Generally, the concentration of biocide in the waterproofer wood preservative system is 0.25 to 4% by weight.

[0007] U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,296,145 and 3,484,523 disclose a composition for cleaning, softening, and sanitizing fabrics; cleaning and sanitizing walls and floors; and cleaning and degerming human skin and similar organic tissue. The composition contains a quaternary alkyl ammonium compound and a tertiary amine oxide.

[0008] U.S. Pat. No. 4,179,504 discloses alkyl amine oxides which are effective as ectoparasiticidal and ovicidal toxicants and their use in shampoos.

[0009] Devinsky et al., Chemical Abstracts 103:122986s (1 986), disclose certain N, N′-didecyl-N,N′-dimethyl-α,ω-alkanediamine dioxides which inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi.

[0010] Societe de Produits Chimiques et de Synthese, Chemical Abstracts 84849c (1966), discloses that dimethyl-laurylamine oxide, bis(β-hydroxyethyl)laurylamine oxide, and dimethylsoyaamine oxide were used for suppressing the growth of some dermal fungi or bacteria, such as C. perfringens, S. anaerobius, and A. niger.

[0011] However, prior to the present invention, there was no indication that amine oxides would be effective as wood preservatives. In fact, their inclusion in wood treating solutions was to either stabilize a preservative ingredient, such as chlorophenol as in U.S. Pat. No. 4,357,163, or act as a waterproofer in conjunction with a preservative ingredient, as in U.S. Pat. No. 5,833,741.

[0012] In light of the foregoing, it is desirable to have a wood preservative that has broad antifungal activity, low toxicity to non-target organisms, high phase stability in water, and low corrosivity.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0013] The present inventors have discovered that amine oxides are highly effective as wood preservatives. The present invention provides a wood preservative composition comprising a biocidally effective amount of one or more amine oxides. Preferably, the wood preservative composition is substantially free of halogenated compounds (such as halides and chlorinated compounds) and quaternary ammonium compounds. The wood preservative composition of the present invention exhibits low toxicity, high stability in water, low corrosivity to metal substrates (such as steel substrates), excellent penetration and uniform distribution into wood, low odor, waterproofing properties, and high leaching resistance. The wood preservative composition may be applied to the surface of a wood substrate or be applied by pressure treating the wood substrate with the wood preservative composition. Other cellulosic and fiber materials, such as cotton, burlap, and like materials, may also be preserved with the composition of the present invention.

[0014] Another embodiment is a method of controlling microorganisms, such as fungal decay organisms (generally known as white rot, brown rot, and soft rot fungi) and sapstain organisms (e.g. stains, mold, and fungi) on and/or in a wood substrate, such as fresh cut lumber, comprising applying a biocidally effective amount of the composition of the present invention to the wood substrate.

[0015] Yet another embodiment is a method of controlling sapstain organisms and/or fungi (including mold) on and/or in a wood substrate, such as fresh cut lumber, comprising applying a sapstain and/or fungicidally (mold) inhibiting effective amount of one or more amine oxides and one or more phosphonic iron stain inhibitors.

[0016] Yet another embodiment of the present invention is a wood preservative system comprising a wood substrate and a biocidally effective amount of one or more amine oxides. Preferably, the wood substrate comprises a fungicidally or sapstain inhibiting effective amount of one or more amine oxides. Detailed Description of the Invention The present invention provides a wood preservative composition comprising a biocidally effective amount of one or more amine oxides. The composition of the present invention exhibits high penetration and uniform distribution into wood substrates as well as low corrosivity to metal substrates and high leaching resistance.

[0017] The amine oxide may be a trialkylamine oxide, an alkylcyclicamine oxide, a dialkylpiperazine di-N-oxide, an alkyldi(poly(oxyalkylene))amine oxide, a dialkylbenzylamine oxide, a fatty acylamidopropyldimethylamine oxide, a diamine dioxide; a triamine trioxide, or any combination of any of the foregoing.

[0018] Preferred trialkylamine oxides have the formula R¹R²R³N→O, where R¹ is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C₈ to C₄₀ saturated or unsaturated group; and R² and R³ independently are linear, branched, or any combination thereof C₁ to C₄₀ saturated or unsaturated groups. R¹, R², and R³ independently may be alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl groups. More preferably, R¹ is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C₈ to C₂₂ saturated or unsaturated group, such as coco, hydrogenated tallow, soya, decyl, and hexadecyl; and R² and R³ independently are linear, branched, or any combination thereof C₁ to C₂₂ saturated or unsaturated groups, such as coco, hydrogenated tallow (which is typically about 70-75% by weight of C₁₈ alkyl, about 20-25% by weight of C₁₆ alkyl, and traces of lower derivatives), soya, decyl, and hexadecyl.

[0019] A preferred trialkylamine oxide is a dialkylmethylamine oxide having the formula R¹R²CH₃N→O, where R¹ and R² are defined as above. Another preferred trialkylamine oxide is an alkyldimethylamine oxide having the formula R¹(CH₃)₂N→O, where R¹ is defined as above. More preferred alkyldimethylamine oxides have the formula R¹⁹(CH₃)₂N→O, where R¹⁹ is a linear or branched C₈—C₁₈ alkyl. Preferably, R¹⁹ is a linear or branched C₁₀—C₁₆ alkyl. Alkyldimethylamine oxides are non-toxic and non-mutagenic surfactants. Suitable alkyldimethylamine oxides include, but are not limited to, decyldimethylamine oxide, cocodimethylamine oxide, dodecyldimethylamine oxide, a C₁₀—C₁₄ alkyldimethylamine oxide, hexadecyldimethylamine oxide, a C₁₆-C₁₈ alkyldimethylamine oxide, and any combination of any of the foregoing. A more preferred wood preservative composition contains a mixture of dodecyl dimethyl amine oxide and hexadecyl dimethyl amine oxide.

[0020] Preferred alkylcyclicamine oxides have the formula R⁴R⁵R⁶N→O where R⁴ is defined as R¹ above and R⁵ and R⁶ are linked to form a cyclic group. The cyclic group typically contains from 4 to 10 carbon atoms and may optionally contain oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or any combination of any of the foregoing. More preferred alkylcyclicamine oxides include, but are not limited to, an alkylmorpholine N-oxide, a dialkylpiperazine di-N-oxide, and any combination of any of the foregoing.

[0021] Preferred alkylmorpholine N-oxides have the formula

[0022] where R⁷ is defined as R¹ above. According to a more preferred embodiment, R⁷ is a linear or branched C₁₀ to C₁₆ alkyl. Examples of preferred alkylmorpholine N-oxides include, but are not limited to, cetyl morpholine N-oxide and lauryl morpholine N-oxide.

[0023] Preferred dialkylpiperazine di-N-oxides have the formula

[0024] where R⁸ is defined as R¹ above and R⁹ is defined as R² above.

[0025] Preferred alkyldi(poly(oxyalkylene))amine oxides have the formula

[0026] where R¹⁰ is defined as R¹ above; R¹¹ and R¹² independently are H or CH₃; and m and n independently are integers from about 0 to about 10 and at least one of m and n is greater than 0.

[0027] Preferred dialkylbenzylamine oxides have the formula R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵N→O, where R¹³ is defined as R¹ above; R¹⁴ is defined as R² above; and R¹⁵ is benzyl. More preferred dialkylbenzylamine oxides include, but are not limited to, alkylbenzylmethylamine oxides having the formula R¹³R¹⁵CH₃N→O where R¹³ and R15 are defined as above. According to a more preferred embodiment, R¹³ is a linear or branched C₈—C₁₂ alkyl.

[0028] Preferred fatty acylamidopropyldimethylamine oxides have the formula

[0029] where R¹⁶ is defined as R¹ above.

[0030] Preferred diamine oxides have the formula

[0031] where R¹⁷ is defined as R¹ above; and m is an integer from about 1 to about 10.

[0032] Preferred triamine oxides have the formula

[0033] where R¹⁸ is defined as R¹ above; and m and n independently are integers from about 1 to about 10.

[0034] Long chain (C₁₆ or greater) amine oxides, such as hexadecylamine oxides and hydrogenated tallow amine oxides, are particularly preferable for imparting waterproofing properties to the composition. Short chain (C₁₄ and shorter) amine oxides aide are water soluble and aide in solubilizing long chain amine oxides and are typically better preservatives.

[0035] A blend of long chain and short chain amine oxides is contemplated in one embodiment of the present invention. The long chain amine oxides are generally blended with the short chain amine oxides at a weight ratio of from about 5:1 to about 1:5 and preferably at a weight ratio of from about 2:1 to about 1:1.

[0036] According to a preferred embodiment, the composition contains a mixture of C₁₆—C₁₈ long chain amine oxides to impart waterproofing properties and C₁₀C₁₄ short chain amine oxides to solubilize the long chain amine oxides. A particularly preferable blend is a mixture of hexadecyldimethylamine oxide and dodecyldimethylamine oxide at a weight ratio of about 5:2.

[0037] The wood preservative composition comprises a biocidally effective amount of one or more amine oxides. Preferably, the composition comprises a fungicidally effective amount and more preferably a sapstain inhibiting effective amount of one or more amine oxides.

[0038] The wood preservative composition can be used to prevent the growth of sapstain (e.g. stains, mold, and fungi) on fresh cut timber between the time the timber is cut into board and the time when the board has dried to a low moisture content.

[0039] An aqueous composition of the present invention generally contains from about 0.1 to about 5%, preferably from about 0.25 to about 3%, and more preferably from about 0.5 to about 1.5% by weight of amine oxide, based upon 100% total weight of wood preservative composition. For application to pressure treated wood, the composition preferably contains from about 0.1 to about 5% and more preferably from about 0.25 to about 3% by weight of amine oxide, based upon 100% total weight of wood preservative composition. For controlling sapstain, the wood preservative composition preferably contains from about 0.1 to about 5% and more preferably from about 0.5 to about 1% by weight of amine oxide, based upon 100% total weight of wood preservative composition.

[0040] According to a preferred embodiment, the wood preservative composition comprises a waterproofing and biocidally, fungicidally, or sapstain inhibiting effective amount of one or more amine oxides.

[0041] The wood preservative composition of the present invention may further comprise a solvent, such as water, a water miscible solvent, or a combination thereof. Suitable water miscible solvents include, but are not limited to, alcohols, glycols, esters, ethers, polyethers, amines, ketones, and any combination of any of the foregoing. Preferably, the solvent is water.

[0042] The wood preservative composition may also comprise further auxiliaries, such as corrosion inhibitors, iron stain inhibitors, wetting agents, adhesives, emulsifiers, fillers, carriers, viscosity and pH regulators, binders, tackifiers, other active ingredients (such as other biocidally active ingredients), and any combination of any of the foregoing.

[0043] Suitable iron stain inhibitors include, but are not limited to, phosphonic iron stain inhibitors, such as aminotri(methylenephosphonic acid), 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid, diethylenetriaminepenta(methylenephosphonic acid), bis-(hexamethylene)triamine phosphonic acid, and any combination of any of the foregoing. The inventors have discovered that the inclusion of a phosphonic iron stain inhibitor, such as 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid and bis-(hexamethylene)triamine phosphonic acid, improves the biological efficacy of the amine oxide. Furthermore, since many iron stain inhibitors are highly acidic, prior art treating solutions containing them typically have a pH of less than 2. In contrast, wood preservative compositions of the present invention which contain iron stain inhibitors typically have a pH ranging from about 3 to about 7.

[0044] Other adjuvants may be included in the composition as known to one of ordinary skill in the art.

[0045] Generally, the wood preservative composition is neutral, i.e., has a pH of from about 6 to about 8.

[0046] According to a preferred embodiment, the wood preservative composition is substantially free (i.e., contains less than 0.1% by weight) of quaternary ammonium compounds, halogenated compounds (including halides and chlorinated compounds such as chlorophenols), or both. More preferably, the wood preservative composition contains less than 0.01, 0.001, or 0.0001% by weight of quaternary ammonium compounds, halogenated compounds (including chlorine containing compounds such as chlorophenols), or both. Most preferably, the wood preservative composition is free of quaternary ammonium compounds, halogenated compounds (including chlorine containing compounds such as chlorophenols), or both.

[0047] According to another preferred embodiment, the wood preservative composition is substantially free (i.e., contains less than 0.1% by weight) of biocides, bactericides, or fungicides other than amine oxides. More preferably, the wood preservative composition contains less than 0.01, 0.001, or 0.0001% by weight of biocides, bactericides, or fungicides other than amine oxides. Most preferably, the wood preservative composition is free of biocides, bactericides, or fungicides other than amine oxides.

[0048] A particularly preferable sapstain inhibiting composition of the present invention comprises cocodimethylamine oxide and, optionally, an iron stain inhibitor. Also, special mention is made of cocodimethylamine oxide alone or in combination with hexadecyldimethylamine oxide as a preservative for use in pressure treating lumber.

[0049] The wood preservative composition may be applied to any wood substrate, such as any hard wood or soft wood, to present sapstain. Typically, for preventing or controlling sapstain and mold, the wood preservative composition is applied to green wood. The term “green” as used herein is defined as freshly cut, unseasoned, or the like. Examples of suitable wood substrates include, but are not limited to, maple, oak, birch, cherry, fir, and the like. The wood preservative composition may be applied to any wood substrate which is to be pressure treated. Preferably, the wood substrate is a soft wood, such as a pine, fir, or hemlock. Suitable pine wood substrates include, but are not limited to, southern yellow pine and ponderosa pine. More, preferably, the wood substrate is southern yellow pine.

[0050] Methods of applying the wood preservative composition include, but are not limited to, spraying, soaking, immersing, vacuum impregnation, pressure treatment, brushing, and the like. Preferably, the substrate is immersed in the wood preservative composition of the present invention or the substrate is pressure treated with the composition.

[0051] The composition may be prepared by dissolving the amine oxide and adjuvants in water. The mixture may be heated to a temperature of from about 50 to about 60° C. and/or stirred to expedite mixing. For example, a 30% (w/w) mixture of hexadecyl dimethyl amine oxide, available as Barlox® 16S from Lonza Inc. of Fair Lawn, N.J., which is a paste, may be mixed with a 30% (w/w) aqueous solution of coco-dimethylamine oxide and water to form a concentrated solution suitable for producing use dilutions of the wood preservative composition.

[0052] A wood substrate containing the wood preservative composition generally comprises from about 0.1 to about 5% by weight, preferably from about 0.25 to about 3% by weight, and more preferably from about 0.5 to about 2% by weight of amine oxide, based upon 100% total weight of preserved wood substrate.

[0053] Another embodiment is a method ofcontrolling microorganisms, such as fungi and sapstain organisms, on and/or in a wood substrate comprising applying a biocidally effective amount of the wood preservative composition of the present invention to the wood substrate. The term “controlling” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, inhibiting the growth of microorganisms, such as fungi and sapstain organisms. Non-limiting examples of fungi are Trametes versicolor (T. versicolor),Gloeophyllum trabeum (G. trabeum), Poria placenta (P. placenta), Lentinus lepideus (L. lepideus), Coniophoraputeana (C. puteana), and Chaetomium globsum (C. globsum).

[0054] According to apreferred embodiment, the wood preservative composition further comprises one or more iron stain inhibitors, preferably phosphonic iron stain inhibitors, is applied to a wood substrate to control sapstain organisms. Generally, the composition contains from about 0.05 to about 1% by weight of phosphonic iron stain inhibitor, based upon 100% by weight of composition. Preferably, the composition contains from about 0.1 to about 0.5 and more preferably from about 0.15 to about 0.3% by weight of phosphonic iron stain inhibitor, based upon 100% by weight of composition.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0055] The following examples illustrate the invention without limitation. All parts and percentages are given by weight unless otherwise indicated. All Barlox® ingredients are available from Lonza Inc. of Fair Lawn, NJ.

EXAMPLE 1

[0056] A concentrate of a wood preservative composition was prepared as follows. 50 parts of Barlox® 16S, about 20 parts of Barlox® 12, and about 80 parts water were mixed. Barlox® 16S is an aqueous solution containing 30% by weight of hexadecyldimethylamine oxide. Barlox® 12 is an aqueous solution containing 30% by weight of coco-dimethylamine oxide. The mixture was heated and/or allowed to sit until a clear solution was obtained, e.g., by about 40 to 50° C. for about 2 to 4 hours or simply sitting at room temperature overnight. The resulting composition was clear.

EXAMPLE 2

[0057] The wood preserving efficacy of each aqueous test solution in Table 1 below was tested on freshly cut white birch wood as follows. All percentages in Table 1 are by weight. A branch of white birch tree measuring about 3 inches in diameter was cut into pieces about 6 inch in length. Each piece was then split into 4 sections. Each section was dipped into the test solution for about 1 minute and blotted with a paper towel to remove excess liquid. The sections were sealed in a clear plastic bag and stored at ambient conditions. The sections were observed after 1, 3, 7, and 12 weeks for the growth of stains, molds, and fungi. The aqueous test solutions were prepared by mixing the active ingredient with water. The results are shown in Table 1. TABLE 1 Rating* of treated white birch sections vs. Time Test solution 1 week 3 weeks 7 weeks 12 weeks None 4 1 1 — Water 3 2 1 — 1% Didecyldimethyl ammonium 4 4 3 3 chloride 1% Coco-dimethyl amine oxide 4 4 3 2 1% Tetradecyl dimethylamine 4 3 2 2 oxide 1% Decyl dimethylamine oxide 3 2 2 2 1% Hexadecyl dimethylamine 3 2 2 2 oxide 0.5% Hexadecyl dimethylamine 4 3 3 3 oxide and 0.5% dodecyldimethyl amine oxide

EXAMPLE 3

[0058] The wood preserving efficacy of each aqueous test solution in Table 2 below was tested on freshly cut green chestnut oak as described in Example 2. All percentages in Table 2 are by weight. The sections were observed after 2, 4, 5, and 9 weeks for the growth of stains, molds, and fungi. The results are shown in Table 2. The aqueous test solutions were prepared by mixing the active ingredient with water. TABLE 2 Rating of treated green chestnut oak sections vs. Time Test solution 2 weeks 4 weeks 5 weeks 9 weeks None 1 1 Water 2 2 1 0.25% 1-Hydroxyethylidene-1,1- 2 2 1 1 diphosphonic acid (HEDP)¹ 1% Didecyldimethyl ammonium 3 2 2 1 chloride 1% Dodecyl dimethylamine oxide 3 2 2 1 1% Dodecyl dimethylamine oxide 4 4 3 1 and 0.25% HEDP 1% Dodecyl dimethylamine oxide 4 4 3 2 and 0.2% bis-(hexamethylene)triamine phosphonic acid² 1% Didecyldimethyl ammonium 3 2 1 1 chloride and 0.25% HEDP

[0059] The pH of the 1% didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride and 0.25% HEDP solution was about 1.9 while the pH of the 1% dodecyl amine oxide and 0.25% HEDP solution was about 4.8.

EXAMPLE 4

[0060] The efficacy of aqueous solutions of amine oxides and didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride to inhibit fungus growth was evaluated by the agar plate method known in the art. The concentration (IC₅₀) of each aqueous solution at which 50% retardation of the growth of the fungi is observed was determined. The fungi tested were Trametes versicolor (T. versicolor), a white rot fungus; Gloeophyllum trabeum (G. trabeum), a brown rot fungus which is tolerant of arsenic and phenolic type wood preservatives; Poria placenta (P. placenta), a brown rot fungus which is tolerant to copper in wood preservatives; Lentinus lepideus (L. lepideus), a brown rot fungus which is tolerant to creosote; Coniophora puteana (C. puteana), a brown rot fungus; and Chaetomium globsum (C. globsum), a soft rot fungus. The results are shown in Tables 3A and 3B below. TABLE 3A IC₅₀ (ppm) T. Aqueous Test Solution versicolor G. trabeum P. placenta Octyldimethylamine oxide 800 250-400 300 Decyldimethylamine oxide 300-500 20-40 15-25 Coco-dimethylamine oxide 40-50 10-15 3-7 Tetradecyl dimethylamine oxide 70 15-25 2-5 Hexadecyl dimethylamine oxide 30 25-30  5-25 Octadecyl dimethylamine oxide 800  250 20-50 Mixture of hexadecyl dimethyl-  10  4  3 amine oxide and coco-dimethyl- amine oxide at a 5:2 weight ratio Didecyldimethyl ammonium 30-50 10-40  5-25 chloride

[0061] TABLE 3B IC₅₀ (ppm) L. Aqueous Test Solution lepideus C. puteana C. globsum Octyldimethylamine oxide — — 400 Decyldimethylamine oxide — —  50-100 Coco-dimethylamine oxide 15 80 50-70 Tetradecyl dimethylamine oxide — —  80-100 Hexadecyl dimethylamine oxide  3 80 20-50 Octadecyl dimethylamine oxide — — 600 Mixture of hexadecyl dimethyl- 10  3  10 amine oxide and coco-dimethyl- amine oxide at a 5:2 weight ratio Didecyldimethyl ammonium — — 10-20 chloride

EXAMPLE 5

[0062] The aqueous test solutions in Table 4 below were prepared and tested as follows.

[0063] Wafers about ¼ inch thick were cut from southern yellow pine board and placed in a vacuum desiccator. The vacuum pressure was maintained at about −80 kPa for about 15 minutes. Test solutions listed in Table 4 were injected into the vacuum. Vacuum was broken by the addition of air and the board was allowed to stand for about 10 minutes. Excess solution was blotted from the wafers. The wafers were returned to the desiccator and another vacuum was drawn to about −80 kPa pressure for about 15 minutes to remove any kickback solution.

Leaching in Water

[0064] About 10 g of the test solution treated wafers were vacuum impregnated with about 200g of water and soaked in water for about 5 days with occasional shaking. After the 5 days, the concentration of preservative in the water and in the wafers was determined. The concentration of preservative in the water was determined by American Wood-Preserver's Association Standard No. A18-99. The concentration of preservative in the wood was determined by the high performance liquid chromatography method described in American Wood-Preserver's Association Standard No. A16-93.

Leaching in Water and Soil

[0065] About 10 g of the test solution treated wafers and about 10 g of air dry organic forest soil were vacuum impregnated with about 150g water, slowly agitated for about 5 days, and separated. After the 5 days, the concentration of preservative in the soil and in the wafers was determined as described above.

[0066] The results are shown in Table 4. TABLE 4 Wafer treated with Wafer treated with Water Water and Soil Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration of of of of Preservative in Preservative in Preservative in Preservative Aqueous Test Wafer after 5 Water after 5 Wafer after 5 in Soil after 5 Solution days (% w/w) days (ppm) days (% w/w) days (% w/w) 1.5% Didecyldimethyl 1.5 40 1.1 0.4 ammonium chloride 1.5% Octadecylbenzyl 2.0 50 1.3 0.1 dimethyl ammonium chloride 1.5% 1.5 90 0.7 05 Dodecyldimethyl- amine oxide 1% Dodecyldimethyl 1.5 140  0.7 05 amine oxide and 0.5% decyldimethyl amine oxide

EXAMPLE 6

[0067] Southern yellow pine (SYP) lumber pieces were pressure treated to assess penetration of amine oxides. An aqueous test solution containing 1.7% by weight of hexadecyl dimethylamine oxide (hexadecyl DMAO) and 0.6% by weight of dodecyl dimethylamine oxide (dodecyl DMAO) was prepared. Two 2′ pieces of kiln dried #1 grade SYP 2×4's were end coated with an epoxy paint. The wood pieces were placed in a pressure treating cylinder for about 30 minutes at about −90 kPa, injected with the aqueous test solution, and pressurized to about 950 kPa for about 30 minutes. The pressure was released by the addition of air, the solution was drained, and the wood pieces were exposed to a vacuum of about −90 kPa for about 30 minutes. After air drying, the pieces were cut in the middle and several ¼″ wafers were removed from the outer 0.3″, second 0.3″, and inner 0.3″. The wafers were analyzed by HPLC to determine the concentration of amine oxide in the wafers.

[0068] The results are shown in Table 5. TABLE 5 Amine Oxide found in zones (%) Retention (%) Outer Second Piece Preservative Target Actual 3″ 3″ Inner 3″ #1 Hexadecyl DMAO 1.9 2.3 2.9 2.0 1.7 Dodecyl DMAO 0.7 1.1 2.4 1.4 0.8 #2 Hexadecyl DMAO 1.7 2.0 2.5 2.1 2.1 Dodecyl DMAO 0.6 0.8 2.0 1.2 1.1

[0069] The target retention is the desired amount of the ingredient to be retained in the wood substrate.

EXAMPLE 7

[0070] Wafers were prepared as described in Example 5 with the aqueous treatment solution described in Example 6 and with an aqueous solution containing 1% (w/w) of didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC). The samples were shaken for 7 days instead of the 5 days described in Example 5. The results are shown in Table 6. TABLE 6 Concentration Concentration of Concentration Concentration of Concentration Preservative of of Preservative of in Unleached Preservative Preservative in Wafer after Preservative Wood after 7 in after 7 days in Water after 7 days in Soil after 7 Sample days (% w/w) (% w/w) 7 days (ppm) (% w/w) days (% w/w) Hexadecyl- 2.3 2.6 <10 1.5 0.33 DMAO Dodecyl- 1.1 1.7 <10 0.5 0.15 DMAO DDAC  1.25  1.24 <10  0.95 0.5 

EXAMPLE 8

[0071] Southern yellow pine lumber pieces were pressure treated with an aqueous solution containing hexadecyldimethylamine oxide and dodecyldimethylamine oxide by the procedure described in Example 6. Two pieces were treated with an aqueous solution containing 1.65% by weight of hexadecyldimethylarnine oxide and 0.6% by weight of dodecyldimethylamine oxide and two pieces were treated with an aqueous solution containing 0.8% by weight of hexadecyldimethylamine oxide and 0.3% by weight of dodecyldimethylamine oxide. The treated pieces were placed outside on a rack and the effect of natural weathering was observed after 2, 6, and 10 months.

[0072] This procedure was repeated with aqueous solutions containing 0.5% or 1% by weight of copper chromium arsenate or 0.5% or 1% by weight of didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride.

[0073] Four pieces were treated with water (untreated lumber pieces) and tested as described above.

[0074] The results are shown in Table 7. TABLE 7 Observations Test Solution After 2 Months After 6 Months After 10 Months Untreated Generally darker The pieces were The pieces were dark surface with sections darker overall, had black with numerous quite dark. A new many cracks, and a cracks. crack developed on wet appearance. one piece. Hexadecyldimethyl- All four pieces Two of the four All four pieces were amine oxide (1.65 clean, clear, and pieces were clean a uniform light gray and 0.8%) and unchanged from the and clear. The other color and had some dodecyldimethyl- start. two pieces had cracks. amine oxide (0.6 darker sections and and 0.3%) fine cracks. Copper chromium General covering of Small mildew spots The pieces were arsenate (0.5 and small dark spots. and many small brownish with 1%) Surface integrity is cracks were present brown and black unchanged. in all four pieces spots and many cracks Didecyldimethyl Few spots and Three of the four The pieces were a ammonium chloride darker black sections pieces had dark gray black color with (0.5 and 1%) covering two of the sections and many many cracks. four pieces. A crack cracks. developed in one of the pieces

EXAMPLE 9

[0075] The corrosivity of each aqueous amine oxide solution and each aqueous didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride solution in Table 8 and water on steel substrates was determined as follows. A carbon steel coupon was submerged into the aqueous solution so that the coupon was about ¾ covered and stored for two weeks. The coupon was shaken occasionally so that the top of the coupon was wetted periodically. After two weeks, the coupon was weighed to determine the amount of steel corroded and the surface of the coupon was observed. The results are shown in Table 8. TABLE 8 Test Solution Weight Lost (%) Observations Water 0.28 Solution is rust colored. Coupon is rusted. 0.3% didecyldimethyl 0.44 Black corrosion ammonium chloride 1% didecyldimethyl 0.40 Black corrosion ammonium chloride 1% hexadecyl −0.02¹ Coupon and solution dimethylamine oxide both clear 1% decyl dimethylamine −0.02 Coupon and solution oxide both clear 1% decyl dimethylamine −0.01 Coupon and solution oxide and 0.1% ammonia both clear 1% decyl dimethylamine 0.4 Orange rust oxide and 0.1% acetic acid (the pH of the solution was 5.1) 1% decyl dimethylamine 0.01 Coupon and solution oxide and 0.01% acetic acid both clear (the pH of the solution was 6.7) 1% decyl dimethylamine 0.01 Coupon and solution oxide and 0.1% lauric acid both clear (the pH of the solution was 6.7)

EXAMPLE 10

[0076] Ponderosa pine wafers and southern yellow pine sticks were treated with the aqueous test solutions shown in Tables 9-12 by the procedures described above to determine their waterproofing efficacy. The treated wafers and sticks were air dried and weathered for up to 700 days. A water uptake test was performed to determine the water resisting efficacy of each wafer or stick. The water uptake was determined by air drying the wafer or stick to a constant weight, immersing the wafer or stick in water for 30 minutes, weighing the wafer or stick, and calculating the water uptake. The percentage water resisting efficiency (% WRE) was determined by the following formula:

[0077] % WRE=100*(Weight of Immersed Treated Wood−Weight of Immersed Untreated Wood)/(Weight of Immersed Untreated Wood)

[0078] The weight of the immersed untreated wood was measured after 30 minutes and used as the control. The results are shown in Tables 9-12 below. TABLE 9 Water Uptake (%) of Weathered Ponderosa Pine Wafers % WRE Start Day Day Day Test solution Day 0 (Day 0) 170 330 690 Control (Untreated) 58 — 104  154  161 Thompson's Waterseal ™* 11 87 13 43 119 1% Didecyldimethyl 58 33 73 87 107 ammonium chloride 1%hexadecyl 35 60 51 77  89 dimethylamineoxide

[0079] TABLE 10 Water Uptake (%) of Weathered Ponderosa Pine Wafers Test solution* Day 0 Day 105 Day 430 Untreated 47 64 124 48 63 123 1% Didecyldimethyl ammonium 35 56 71 chloride 38 58 80 1.5% hexadecyl dimethylamine 16 23 38 oxide and 0.6% dodecyl 17 25 38 dimethylamine oxide 0.4% Didecyldimethyl 16 29 53 ammonium chloride and 0.6% 18 41 60 HT-AO¹

[0080] TABLE 11 Water Uptake (%) of Weathered SYP Treated Sticks Test solution Day 0 Day 220 Day 610 Untreated 23 27 77 1% decyl dimethylamine oxide 22 39 71 1% didecyldimethyl ammonium 17 22 36 chloride 1% hexadecyl 12 14 17 dimethylamine oxide

[0081] TABLE 12 Water Uptake (%) of Weathered SYP Treated Sticks % WRE start Test solution Day 0 (Day 0) Day 90 Day 310 Day 480 Untreated 36 — 35 65 74 1% didecyldimethyl 17 53 24 36 29 ammonium chloride 1% hexadecyl di- 10 72 13 18 14 methylamine oxide 1% dodecyl di- 14 61 15 20 24 methylamine oxide 1% hexadecyl  7 81 14 17 23 dimethylamine oxide and 0.5% didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride

EXAMPLE 11

[0082] The procedure for determining waterproofing efficacy was repeated with southern yellow pine sticks, southern yellow pine end grain wafers, and ponderosa pine wafers and the aqueous solutions in Table 13 below by the procedure described in Example 10.

[0083] The results are shown in Table 13. TABLE 13 Water Uptake % of Weathered Wood Test solution Day 0 Day 100 Day 225 SYP sticks ¼ × ¾ × 10″ Untreated 37 45 55 1% didecyldimethyl ammonium 27 34 26 chloride 1.5% HT-AO and 0.75% dodecyl  9 11  8 dimethylamine oxide SYP end grain wafers Untreated 40 71 77 Thompson's Waterseal ™ ² 13 24 1% didecyldimethyl ammonium 41 41 56 chloride 1.5% HT-AO¹ and 0.75% dodecyl 22 29 15 dimethylamine oxide Ponderosa Pine wafers Untreated 75 89 Thompson's Waterseal ™ 2 11 12 1% didecyldimethyl ammonium 62 73 chloride 1.5% HT-AO¹ and 0.75% dodecyl 24 33 dimethylamine oxide

EXAMPLE 12

[0084] The efficacy of the aqueous amine oxide solutions in Table 14 at various concentrations against the wood rot fungi T. versicolor (white rot fungi), G. trabeum (brown rot fungi), P. placenta (brown rot fungi), and C. globosum (soft rot decay fungi) were determined using the agar dilution plate method well known in the art. The minimum concentration of each amine oxide required to achieve 100% growth retardation of each specific organism, i.e., the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), was determined. The percent retardation of the fungi was determined by the percentage change in the diameter of the fungi on the agar plate (i.e. Percent Retardation=((Diameter of Control)−(Diameter of Treated Fungi))/(Diameter of Control)*100%).

[0085] The results are shown in Table 14 below. TABLE 14 MIC (ppm of amine oxides) T. G. P. C. versicolor trabeum placenta globosum Amine Oxide (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) Octyldimethylamine 750 1000 1000 >1000 oxide Decyl-DMAO 750 250 500 >1000 Coco-DMAO 750 500 500-1000 >1000 Branched alkyl (C₁₀- 500 250 500 >1000 C₁₄) DMAO Dodecyl-DMAO 250 250 250 >1000 Tetradecyl-DMAO >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 Hexadecyl-DMAO >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 Oleyl-DMAO >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 Octadecyl-DMAO >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 Coco- 500 500 500 >1000 di(hydroxyethyl)- amine oxide Tallow >1000 >1000 >1000 >1000 di(hydroxyethyl)- amine oxide Dodecyl-BMAO >1000 1000 >1000 >1000 Lauryl morpholine N- 750 1000 500 >1000 oxide

[0086] The minimum concentration of the aqueous amine oxide solutions in Table 15 required to achieve 50% growth retardation of each specific organism, i.e., IC₅₀, was estimated from the data obtained using Table2D curve fitting. The results are shown in Table 15. TABLE 15 Barlox ® 12 Barlox ® 12i Bardac ® 2280 IC₅₀ MIC IC₅₀ MIC IC₅₀ MIC Fungi (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) T. versicolor 51 750 84 500 28 >1000 G. trabeum 9 250 44 250 8 >1000 P. placenta 5 1000 89 500 <5 <1000 C. globosum 47 >1000 153 >1000 28 >1000

EXAMPLE 13

[0087] 40″ by ¾″ by ¾″ pieces of southern yellow pine lumber were treated with the aqueous solution prepared in Example 1 according to the procedure described in the American Wood Preservers' Association test method E7, which is hereby incorporated by reference. The procedure is generally as follows. The southern yellow pine lumber pieces were placed in a pressure treating cylinder for about 30 minutes at about −90 kPa, injected with the aqueous solution, and pressurized to about 800 kPa for about 30 minutes. The pressure was released by the addition of air and the solution was drained.

[0088] This procedure was repeated with aqueous solutions containing 0.5 or 1.0% by weight of copper chromium arsenate (CCA) and aqueous solutions containing 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5% by weight of didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC).

[0089] From each treated piece, two matched 18″ stakes and one 4″ center piece were obtained. The 18″ stakes were placed in the ground at different field sites, field sites A and B. A total of 10 test stakes treated with each aqueous solution were placed in each field site. After 11 months, the stakes were observed. The results are shown in Table 16 below. TABLE 16 Rating* after 11 Months Target Field Site A Field Site B Aqueous Treatment Retention Termite Termite Solution (kg/m³) Decay Attack Decay Attack Untreated — 6.2 ± 2.4 4.4 ± 4.2 7.2 ± 4.2 8.5 ± 3.1 0.5% (w/w) CCA 3 10 10 10 10 1.0% (w/w) CCA 6 10 10 10 10 0.5% (w/w) DDAC 3 9.9 ± 0.3 9.3 ± 0.9 10 10 1.0% (w/w) DDAC 6 10 9.9 ± 0.3 10 10 1.5% (w/w) DDAC 9 10 8.9 ± 1.3 10 10 0.82% (w/w) of  5 (Coco) + 9.5 ± 0.  9.0 ± 1.2 9.9 ± 0.3 10 coco-DMAO and 2 (C₁₆) 0.33% (w/w) of hexadecyl-DMAO at a 5:2 weight ratio 1.65% (w/w) of 10 (coco) + 10 9.8 ± 0.4 10 10 coco-DMAO and 4 (C₁₆) 0.67% (w/w) of hexadecyl-DMAO at a 5:2 weight ratio 2.5% (w/w) of 15 (coco) + 9.8 ± 0.4 9.9 ± 0.3 10 10 hexadecyl-DMAO 6 (C₁₆) and 1.0% (w/w) of coco-DMAO at a 5:2 weight ratio

EXAMPLE 14

[0090] The wood preserving efficacy of each aqueous test solution in Table 17 below was tested on freshly cut tulip wood (also known as Tulip-Popular, Yellow Popular, and Liriodendron tulipfera L.) as follows. All percentages in Table 17 are by weight. Pieces of tulip wood cut from a 4″ debarked branch were cut into pieces. Each piece was then split into 4 sections. Each section was dipped into the test solution for about 1 minute and blotted with a paper towel to remove excess liquid. The sections were sealed in a clear plastic bag and stored at ambient conditions. The sections were observed after 1, 3, 7, and 11 weeks for the growth of stains, molds, and fungi. The aqueous test solutions were prepared by mixing the active ingredient with water. The results are shown in Table 17. TABLE 17 Rating* of treated tulip sections vs. Time 1 3 7 11 Aqueous test solution week weeks weeks weeks None 3 2.5 2 1 Water 4 2 1 1 0.65% Didecyldimethyl ammonium 4 4 4 4 chloride 0.32% Didecyldimethyl ammonium 4 4 3.5 3.5 chloride 1.0% Hexadecyl DMAO and 4 3 2 1 0.4% Dodecyl DMAO 0.5% Hexadecyl DMAO and 5 5 3 2 0.2% Dodecyl DMAO 1.0% Hexadecyl DMAO, 4 4 3.5 3 0.4% Dodecyl DMAO, and 0.15% 1-Hydroxyethylidene-1,1- diphosphonic acid (HEDP) 0.5% Hexadecyl DMAO, 4 4 2 1 0.2% Dodecyl DMAO, and 0.08% HEDP 1.0% Hexadecyl DMAO, 4 4 3.5 3 0.4% Dodecyl DMAO, and 0.045% Ammonia 1.0% Hexadecyl DMAO, 4 4 3 2 0.4% Dodecyl DMAO, 0.15% HEDP, and 0.045% Ammonia 1.0% Dodecyl DMAO 4 4 4 4 0.5% Dodecyl DMAO 4 3 2 1 1.0% Dodecyl DMAO and 3 3 2 1 0.045% Ammonia 1.0% Dodecyl DMAO and 3.5 3.5 3 2 0.15% HEDP, and 0.045% Ammonia None 3 3 2 — 1.0% Dodecyl DMAO 4 4 3 — 1.0% Dodecyl DMAO and 4 4 3.5 — 1.0% Coco-dimethyl amine¹ 1.0% Dodecyl DMAO and 4 4 4 — 0.5% Coco-dimethyl amine 1.0% Dodecyl DMAO and 4 4 4 — 0.25% Coco-dimethyl amine 0.5% Hexadecyl dimethylamine 4 3 3 3 oxide and 0.5% dodecyldimethyl amine oxide

EXAMPLE 15

[0091] The wood preserving efficacy of each aqueous test solution in Table 18 below was tested on freshly cut beech wood (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) as follows. All percentages in Table 18 are by weight. A 1″ branch of a beech tree was split into two pieces. The bark was left on the pieces. Each piece was dipped into the test solution for about 1 minute and blotted with a paper towel to remove excess liquid. The pieces were sealed in a clear plastic bag and stored at ambient conditions. The pieces were observed after 1, 3, 7, and 11 weeks for the growth of stains, molds, and fungi. The aqueous test solutions were prepared by mixing the active ingredient with water. The results are shown in Table 18. TABLE 18 Rating* of treated tulip sections vs. Time 1 3 7 11 Aqueous test solution week weeks weeks weeks None 3 3 2 1 Water 4 3 2 1 0.65% Didecyldimethyl ammonium 4 3.5 2 2 chloride 0.32% Didecyldimethyl ammonium 4 2 2 2 chloride 1.0% Hexadecyl DMAO and 4 2 1 1 0.4% Dodecyl DMAO 0.5% Hexadecyl DMAO and 4 3 2 1 0.2% Dodecyl DMAO 1.0% Hexadecyl DMAO, 4 3.5 2.5 2 0.4% Dodecyl DMAO, and 0.15% 1-Hydroxyethylidene-1,1- diphosphonic acid (HEDP) 0.5% Hexadecyl DMAO, 4 3 2 1 0.2% Dodecyl DMAO, and 0.08% HEDP 1.0% Hexadecyl DMAO, 4 2 2 1 0.4% Dodecyl DMAO, and 0.045% Ammonia 1.0% Hexadecyl DMAO, 4 3 2.5 2 0.4% Dodecyl DMAO, 0.15% HEDP, and 0.045% Ammonia 1.0% Dodecyl DMAO 4 2 2 2 0.5% Dodecyl DMAO 4 4 2.5 2.5 1.0% Dodecyl DMAO and 4 3 2.5 2 0.045% Ammonia 1.0% Dodecyl DMAO and 4 2.5 2 2 0.15% HEDP, and 0.045% Ammonia None 3.5 3 2.5 — 1.0% Dodecyl DMAO 3.5 3 2 1 1.0% Dodecyl DMAO and 4 3.5 3.5 — 1.0% Coco-dimethyl amine¹ 1.0% Dodecyl DMAO and 3.5 2 2 1 0.5% Coco-dimethyl amine 1.0% Dodecyl DMAO and 4 3 2 — 0.25% Coco-dimethyl amine

[0092] All patents, applications, articles, publications, and test methods mentioned above are hereby incorporated by reference.

[0093] Many variations of the present invention will suggest themselves to those skilled in the art in light of the above detailed description. Such obvious variations are within the full intended scope of the appended claims. 

In the claims:
 1. A wood preservative composition comprising a biocidally effective amount of one or more amine oxides, the wood preservative composition being substantially free of chlorophenols and quaternary ammonium compounds.
 2. The wood preservative composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises a fungicidally effective amount of one or more amine oxides.
 3. The wood preservative composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises a sapstain inhibiting effective amount of one or more amine oxides.
 4. The wood preservative composition of claim 2, wherein said amine oxide is selected from the group consisting of (i) a trialkylamine oxide; (ii) an alkylcyclicamine oxide; (iii) a dialkylpiperazine di-N-oxide; (iv) an alkyldi(poly(oxyalkylene))amine oxide; (v) a dialkylbenzylamine oxide; (vi) a fatty acylamidopropyldimethylamine oxide; (vii) a diamine oxide; (viii) a triamine oxide; and (ix) any combination of any of the foregoing.
 5. The wood preservative composition of claim 4, wherein said trialkylamine oxide has the formula R¹R²R³N→O, wherein R¹ is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C₈ to C₄₀ saturated or unsaturated group; and R² and R³ independently are linear, branched, or any combination thereof C₁ to C₄₀ saturated or unsaturated groups.
 6. The wood preservative composition of claim 5, wherein R¹ is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C₈ to C₂₂ saturated or unsaturated group; and R² and R³ independently are linear, branched, or any combination thereof C₁ to C₂₂ saturated or unsaturated groups.
 7. The wood preservative composition of claim 6, wherein R² and R³ independently are linear, branched, or any combination thereof C₈ to C₂₂ saturated or unsaturated groups.
 8. The wood preservative composition as defined in claim 5, wherein said trialkylamine oxide is a dialkylmethylamine oxide having the formula R¹R²CH₃N→O, wherein R¹ is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C₈ to C₄₀ saturated or unsaturated group; and R² is a linear, branched, or any combination thereof C₁ to C₄₀ saturated or unsaturated group.
 9. The wood preservative composition as defined in claim 8, wherein R¹ is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C₈ to C₂₂saturated or unsaturated group; and R² is a linear, branched, or any combination thereof C₁ to C₂₂ saturated or unsaturated group.
 10. The wood preservative composition of claim 5, wherein said trialkylamine oxide is an alkyldimethylamine oxide having the formula R¹(CH₃)₂N→O, wherein R¹ is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C₈ to C₄₀ saturated or unsaturated group.
 11. The wood preservative composition of claim 10, wherein R¹ is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C₈ to C₂₂ saturated or unsaturated group.
 12. The wood preservative composition of claim 11, wherein R¹ is a linear or branched C₁₀ to C₁₈ alkyl.
 13. The wood preservative composition of claim 12, wherein R¹ is a linear or branched C₁₀ to C₁₆ alkyl.
 14. The wood preservative composition of claim 10, wherein said alkyldimethylamine oxide is selected from the group consisting of a C₁₀ alkyldimethylamine oxide, C₁₀—C₁₄ alkyldimethylamine oxide, C₁₆—C₁₈ alkyldimethylamine oxide, and any combination of any of the foregoing.
 15. The wood preservative composition of claim 4, wherein said alkylcyclicamine oxide has the formula R⁴R⁵R⁶N→O wherein R⁴ is a linear, branched, cyclic, or any combination thereof C₈—C₄₀ saturated or unsaturated group and R⁵ and R⁶ are linked to form a cyclic group.
 16. The wood preservative composition of claim 15, wherein R⁴ is a linear, branched, cyclic, or any combination thereof C₈-C₂₂ saturated or unsaturated group.
 17. The wood preservative composition of claim 15, wherein the cyclic group contains from 4 to 10 carbon atoms.
 18. The wood preservative composition of claim 15, wherein the ring of the cyclic group contains oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or any combination of any of the foregoing.
 19. The wood preservative composition of claim 4, wherein said alkylcyclicamine oxide is selected from the group consisting of an alkylmorpholine N-oxide, a dialkylpiperazine di-N-oxide, and any combination of any of the foregoing.
 20. The wood preservative composition of claim 19, wherein said alkylmorpholine N-oxide has the formula

wherein R⁷ is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C₈ to C₄₀ saturated or unsaturated group.
 21. The wood preservative composition of claim 20, wherein R⁷ is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C₈ to C₂₂ saturated or unsaturated group.
 22. The wood preservative composition of claim 21, wherein R⁷ is a linear or branched C₁₀ to C₁₆ alkyl.
 23. The wood preservatice composition of claim 4, wherein said dialkylpiperazine di-N-oxide has the formula

wherein R⁸ is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C₈ to C₄₀ saturated or unsaturated group; and R⁹ is is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C₁ to C₄₀ saturated or unsaturated group.
 24. The wood preservative composition of claim 23, wherein R⁸ is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C₈ to C₂₂ saturated or unsaturated group; and R⁹ is is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C₁ to C₂₂ saturated or unsaturated group.
 25. The wood preservative composition of claim 4, wherein said alkyldi(poly(oxyalkylene))amine oxide has the formula

wherein R¹⁰ is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C₈ to C₄₀ saturated or unsaturated group; R¹¹ and R¹² independently are H or CH₃; and m and n independently are integers from about 0 to about 10 and at least one of m and n is greater than
 0. 26. The wood preservative composition of claim 25, wherein R¹⁰ is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C₈ to C₂₂ saturated or unsaturated group.
 27. The wood preservative composition of claim 4, wherein said dialkylbenzylamine oxide has the formula R¹³R¹⁴R¹⁵N→O, wherein R¹³ is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C₈ to C₄₀ saturated or unsaturated group; R¹⁴ is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C₁ to C₄₀ saturated or unsaturated group; and R¹⁵ is benzyl.
 28. The wood preservative composition of claim 27, wherein R¹³ is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C₈ to C₂₂ saturated or unsaturated group; and R¹⁴ is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C₁ to C₂₂ saturated or unsaturated group.
 29. The wood preservative composition of claim 4, wherein said dialkylbenzylamine oxide is an alkylbenzylmethylamine oxide having the formula R¹³R¹⁵CH₃N→O, wherein R¹³ is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C₈ to C₄₀ saturated or unsaturated group; and R¹⁵ is benzyl.
 30. The wood preservative composition of claim 27, wherein R¹³ is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C₈ to C₂₂ saturated or unsaturated group.
 31. The wood preservative composition of claim 30, wherein R¹³ is a linear or branched C₈ to C₁₂ alkyl.
 32. The wood preservative composition of claim 4, wherein said fatty acylamidopropyldimethylamine oxide has the formula

wherein R ¹⁶ is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C₈ to C₄₀ saturated or unsaturated group.
 33. The wood preservative composition of claim 32, wherein R¹⁶ is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C₈ to C₂₂ saturated or unsaturated group.
 34. The wood preservative composition of claim 4, wherein diamine oxide has the formula

wherein R¹⁷ is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C₈ to C₄₀ saturated or unsaturated group; and m is an integer from about 1 to about
 10. 35. The wood preservative composition of claim 34, wherein R¹⁷ is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C₈ to C₂₂ saturated or unsaturated group.
 36. The wood preservative composition of claim 4, wherein triamine oxide has the formula

wherein R¹⁸ is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C₈ to C₄₀ saturated or unsaturated group; and m and n independently are integers from about 1 to about
 10. 37. The wood preservative composition of claim 36, wherein R¹⁸ is a linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof C₈ to C₂₂ saturated or unsaturated group.
 38. The wood preservative composition of claim 2, wherein the wood preservative composition comprises two or more amine oxides.
 39. The wood preservative composition of claim 2, wherein the wood preservative composition comprises a waterproofing and flngicidally effective amount of amine oxide.
 40. The wood preservative of claim 2, wherein the wood preservative composition comprises from about 0.1 to about 5% by weight of amine oxide, based upon 100% total weight of the wood preservative composition.
 41. The wood preservative of claim 40, wherein the wood preservative composition comprises from about 0.5 to about 2% by weight of amine oxide, based upon 100% total weight of the wood preservative composition.
 42. The wood preservative of claim 41, wherein the wood preservative composition comprises from about 1 to about 2% by weight of amine oxide, based upon 100% total weight of the wood preservative composition.
 43. The wood preservative composition of claim 2, further comprising a solvent.
 44. The wood preservative composition of claim 43, wherein said solvent is water.
 45. The wood preservative composition of claim 44, wherein said solvent is water and optionally water miscible solvents selected from the group consisting of alcohols, glycols, esters, ethers, polyethers, amines, and any combination of any of the foregoing.
 46. The wood preservative composition of claim 2, further comprising a corrosion inhibitor, iron stain inhibitor, wetting agent, adhesive, emulsifier, filler, carrier, viscosity regulator, pH regulator, binder, tackifier, and any combination of any of the foregoing.
 47. The wood preservative composition of claim 46, wherein the iron stain inhibitor is a phosphonic iron stain inhibitor.
 48. The wood preservative composition of claim 1, wherein the wood preservative composition is free of chlorophenols and quaternary ammonium compounds.
 49. The wood preservative composition of claim 1, wherein the wood preservative composition is free of chlorine containing compounds and quaternary ammonium compounds.
 50. The wood preservative composition of claim 1, wherein the wood preservative composition is substantially free of biocides other than amine oxides.
 51. The wood preservative composition of claim 50, wherein the wood preservative composition is free of biocides other than amine oxides.
 52. The wood preservative composition of claim 1, wherein the wood preservative composition is substantially free of fungicides other than amine oxides.
 53. The wood preservative composition of claim 52, wherein the wood preservative composition is free of fungicides other than amine oxides.
 54. A wood preservative composition consisting essentially of a biocidally effective amount of one or more amine oxides.
 55. A wood preservative composition consisting essentially of a biocidally effective amount of one or more amine oxides, the wood preservative composition being substantially free of chlorophenols and quaternary ammonium compounds.
 56. A method of controlling microorganisms on and/or in a wood substrate comprising applying a wood preservative composition comprising a biocidally effective amount of one or more amine oxides to the wood substrate, the wood preservative composition being substantially free of chlorophenols and quaternary ammonium compounds.
 57. The method of claim 56, wherein a fungicidally effective amount of one or more amine oxides is applied to the substrate.
 58. The method of claim 56, wherein a sapstain inhibiting effective amount of one or more amine oxides is applied to the substrate.
 59. The method of claim 56, wherein the wood preservative composition is free of chlorophenols and quaternary ammonium compounds.
 60. The method of claim 56, wherein the wood preservative composition is free of chlorine containing compounds and quaternary ammonium compounds.
 61. A method for controlling sapstain organisms on and/or in a wood substrate comprising applying a sapstain inhibiting effective amount of one or more amine oxides and one or more phosphonic iron stain inhibitors.
 62. The method of claim 61, wherein the wood preservative composition is substantially free of chlorophenols and quaternary ammonium compounds.
 63. The method of claim 61, wherein the wood preservative composition is free of chlorophenols and quaternary ammonium compounds.
 64. The method of claim 61, wherein the wood preservative composition is free of chlorine containing compounds and quaternary ammonium compounds.
 65. A wood preservative system comprising (a) a wood substrate; and (b) a biocidally effective amount of one or more amine oxides, the wood preservative system being substantially free of chlorophenols and quaternary ammonium compounds.
 66. A wood preservative system consisting essentially of (a) a wood substrate; and (b) a biocidally effective amount of one or more amine oxides, the wood preservative system being substantially free of chlorophenols and quaternary ammonium compounds. 